Subnetting

Every IP address has two parts: the first indicates the network the address belongs to, and the second shows the device in the network. However, the first part of an IP address can change based on its network class. So, why do we need Subnetting if an IP address makes it simple for the internet router to find the right network for data to route into?

Subnetting helps organize the network to overcome congestion. When traffic increases within parts of the network, it groups these parts into one section so that the traffic does not unnecessarily hop across the entire network. Subnetting also efficiently designates IP addresses and prevents many IP addresses from going unused.

IP addresses are divided into three classes: A, B, and C.

Class A: IP addresses lie between 0.0.0.0 and 127.255.255.255.
Class B: IP addresses lie between 128.0.0.0 and 191.255.255.255.
Class C: IP addresses lie between 192.0.0.0 and 223.255.255.255.

These IP address classes help formulate subnet masking. Based on classes A, B, and C, here are the default masks:

Class A: 255.0.0.0
Class B: 255.255.0.0
Class C: 255.255.255.0

Subnetting creates several logical networks that live within a single-class network. When a major network is separated into smaller subnets, it establishes an interconnecting subnetwork.

Proxies

Proxies: A proxy is an intermediary between a client and a server. When a client requests to access a resource, the proxy server intercepts the request and forwards it to the server on behalf of the client. Proxies can be used for various purposes, such as improving security, filtering content, and enhancing performance by caching frequently accessed resources.

Reverse Proxies: Conversely, a reverse proxy sits between the server and the clients. When clients send requests to access a resource, the reverse proxy forwards the requests to the appropriate server. This setup can provide several benefits, including load balancing, SSL encryption, and serving as a single point of entry for multiple servers.
Both proxies and reverse proxies are vital in managing and optimizing network traffic, enhancing security, and improving web services' overall performance and scalability.

Network:   192.168.1.0
Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.224
CIDR:      /27

Subnet 1:
  Network Address:   192.168.1.0
  Subnet Mask:       255.255.255.224
  Usable IP Range:   192.168.1.1 - 192.168.1.30
  Broadcast Address: 192.168.1.31

Subnet 2:
  Network Address:   192.168.1.32
  Subnet Mask:       255.255.255.224
  Usable IP Range:   192.168.1.33 - 192.168.1.62
  Broadcast Address: 192.168.1.63

Subnet 3:
  Network Address:   192.168.1.64
  Subnet Mask:       255.255.255.224
  Usable IP Range:   192.168.1.65 - 192.168.1.94
  Broadcast Address: 192.168.1.95

Topic 4: Subnetting and Proxies

Subnetting

Proxies